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//! Threads that can borrow variables from the stack.
//!
//! Create a scope when spawned threads need to access variables on the stack:
//!
//! ```
//! use crossbeam_utils::thread;
//!
//! let people = vec![
//! "Alice".to_string(),
//! "Bob".to_string(),
//! "Carol".to_string(),
//! ];
//!
//! thread::scope(|s| {
//! for person in &people {
//! s.spawn(move |_| {
//! println!("Hello, {}!", person);
//! });
//! }
//! }).unwrap();
//! ```
//!
//! # Why scoped threads?
//!
//! Suppose we wanted to re-write the previous example using plain threads:
//!
//! ```compile_fail,E0597
//! use std::thread;
//!
//! let people = vec![
//! "Alice".to_string(),
//! "Bob".to_string(),
//! "Carol".to_string(),
//! ];
//!
//! let mut threads = Vec::new();
//!
//! for person in &people {
//! threads.push(thread::spawn(move || {
//! println!("Hello, {}!", person);
//! }));
//! }
//!
//! for thread in threads {
//! thread.join().unwrap();
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! This doesn't work because the borrow checker complains about `people` not living long enough:
//!
//! ```text
//! error[E0597]: `people` does not live long enough
//! --> src/main.rs:12:20
//! |
//! 12 | for person in &people {
//! | ^^^^^^ borrowed value does not live long enough
//! ...
//! 21 | }
//! | - borrowed value only lives until here
//! |
//! = note: borrowed value must be valid for the static lifetime...
//! ```
//!
//! The problem here is that spawned threads are not allowed to borrow variables on stack because
//! the compiler cannot prove they will be joined before `people` is destroyed.
//!
//! Scoped threads are a mechanism to guarantee to the compiler that spawned threads will be joined
//! before the scope ends.
//!
//! # How scoped threads work
//!
//! If a variable is borrowed by a thread, the thread must complete before the variable is
//! destroyed. Threads spawned using [`std::thread::spawn`] can only borrow variables with the
//! `'static` lifetime because the borrow checker cannot be sure when the thread will complete.
//!
//! A scope creates a clear boundary between variables outside the scope and threads inside the
//! scope. Whenever a scope spawns a thread, it promises to join the thread before the scope ends.
//! This way we guarantee to the borrow checker that scoped threads only live within the scope and
//! can safely access variables outside it.
//!
//! # Nesting scoped threads
//!
//! Sometimes scoped threads need to spawn more threads within the same scope. This is a little
//! tricky because argument `s` lives *inside* the invocation of `thread::scope()` and as such
//! cannot be borrowed by scoped threads:
//!
//! ```compile_fail,E0521
//! use crossbeam_utils::thread;
//!
//! thread::scope(|s| {
//! s.spawn(|_| {
//! // Not going to compile because we're trying to borrow `s`,
//! // which lives *inside* the scope! :(
//! s.spawn(|_| println!("nested thread"));
//! });
//! });
//! ```
//!
//! Fortunately, there is a solution. Every scoped thread is passed a reference to its scope as an
//! argument, which can be used for spawning nested threads:
//!
//! ```
//! use crossbeam_utils::thread;
//!
//! thread::scope(|s| {
//! // Note the `|s|` here.
//! s.spawn(|s| {
//! // Yay, this works because we're using a fresh argument `s`! :)
//! s.spawn(|_| println!("nested thread"));
//! });
//! }).unwrap();
//! ```
use std::boxed::Box;
use std::fmt;
use std::io;
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem;
use std::panic;
use std::string::String;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
use std::thread;
use std::vec::Vec;
use crate::sync::WaitGroup;
type SharedVec<T> = Arc<Mutex<Vec<T>>>;
type SharedOption<T> = Arc<Mutex<Option<T>>>;
/// Creates a new scope for spawning threads.
///
/// All child threads that haven't been manually joined will be automatically joined just before
/// this function invocation ends. If all joined threads have successfully completed, `Ok` is
/// returned with the return value of `f`. If any of the joined threads has panicked, an `Err` is
/// returned containing errors from panicked threads. Note that if panics are implemented by
/// aborting the process, no error is returned; see the notes of [std::panic::catch_unwind].
///
/// **Note:** Since Rust 1.63, this function is soft-deprecated in favor of the more efficient [`std::thread::scope`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// let var = vec![1, 2, 3];
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// s.spawn(|_| {
/// println!("A child thread borrowing `var`: {:?}", var);
/// });
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn scope<'env, F, R>(f: F) -> thread::Result<R>
where
F: FnOnce(&Scope<'env>) -> R,
{
struct AbortOnPanic;
impl Drop for AbortOnPanic {
fn drop(&mut self) {
if thread::panicking() {
std::process::abort();
}
}
}
let wg = WaitGroup::new();
let scope = Scope::<'env> {
handles: SharedVec::default(),
wait_group: wg.clone(),
_marker: PhantomData,
};
// Execute the scoped function, but catch any panics.
let result = panic::catch_unwind(panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| f(&scope)));
// If an unwinding panic occurs before all threads are joined
// promote it to an aborting panic to prevent any threads from escaping the scope.
let guard = AbortOnPanic;
// Wait until all nested scopes are dropped.
drop(scope.wait_group);
wg.wait();
// Join all remaining spawned threads.
let panics: Vec<_> = scope
.handles
.lock()
.unwrap()
// Filter handles that haven't been joined, join them, and collect errors.
.drain(..)
.filter_map(|handle| handle.lock().unwrap().take())
.filter_map(|handle| handle.join().err())
.collect();
mem::forget(guard);
// If `f` has panicked, resume unwinding.
// If any of the child threads have panicked, return the panic errors.
// Otherwise, everything is OK and return the result of `f`.
match result {
Err(err) => panic::resume_unwind(err),
Ok(res) => {
if panics.is_empty() {
Ok(res)
} else {
Err(Box::new(panics))
}
}
}
}
/// A scope for spawning threads.
pub struct Scope<'env> {
/// The list of the thread join handles.
handles: SharedVec<SharedOption<thread::JoinHandle<()>>>,
/// Used to wait until all subscopes all dropped.
wait_group: WaitGroup,
/// Borrows data with invariant lifetime `'env`.
_marker: PhantomData<&'env mut &'env ()>,
}
unsafe impl Sync for Scope<'_> {}
impl<'env> Scope<'env> {
/// Spawns a scoped thread.
///
/// This method is similar to the [`spawn`] function in Rust's standard library. The difference
/// is that this thread is scoped, meaning it's guaranteed to terminate before the scope exits,
/// allowing it to reference variables outside the scope.
///
/// The scoped thread is passed a reference to this scope as an argument, which can be used for
/// spawning nested threads.
///
/// The returned [handle](ScopedJoinHandle) can be used to manually
/// [join](ScopedJoinHandle::join) the thread before the scope exits.
///
/// This will create a thread using default parameters of [`ScopedThreadBuilder`], if you want to specify the
/// stack size or the name of the thread, use this API instead.
///
/// [`spawn`]: std::thread::spawn
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if the OS fails to create a thread; use [`ScopedThreadBuilder::spawn`]
/// to recover from such errors.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// let handle = s.spawn(|_| {
/// println!("A child thread is running");
/// 42
/// });
///
/// // Join the thread and retrieve its result.
/// let res = handle.join().unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(res, 42);
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn spawn<'scope, F, T>(&'scope self, f: F) -> ScopedJoinHandle<'scope, T>
where
F: FnOnce(&Scope<'env>) -> T,
F: Send + 'env,
T: Send + 'env,
{
self.builder()
.spawn(f)
.expect("failed to spawn scoped thread")
}
/// Creates a builder that can configure a thread before spawning.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// s.builder()
/// .spawn(|_| println!("A child thread is running"))
/// .unwrap();
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn builder<'scope>(&'scope self) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'scope, 'env> {
ScopedThreadBuilder {
scope: self,
builder: thread::Builder::new(),
}
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for Scope<'_> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.pad("Scope { .. }")
}
}
/// Configures the properties of a new thread.
///
/// The two configurable properties are:
///
/// - [`name`]: Specifies an [associated name for the thread][naming-threads].
/// - [`stack_size`]: Specifies the [desired stack size for the thread][stack-size].
///
/// The [`spawn`] method will take ownership of the builder and return an [`io::Result`] of the
/// thread handle with the given configuration.
///
/// The [`Scope::spawn`] method uses a builder with default configuration and unwraps its return
/// value. You may want to use this builder when you want to recover from a failure to launch a
/// thread.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// s.builder()
/// .spawn(|_| println!("Running a child thread"))
/// .unwrap();
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// [`name`]: ScopedThreadBuilder::name
/// [`stack_size`]: ScopedThreadBuilder::stack_size
/// [`spawn`]: ScopedThreadBuilder::spawn
/// [`io::Result`]: std::io::Result
/// [naming-threads]: std::thread#naming-threads
/// [stack-size]: std::thread#stack-size
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct ScopedThreadBuilder<'scope, 'env> {
scope: &'scope Scope<'env>,
builder: thread::Builder,
}
impl<'scope, 'env> ScopedThreadBuilder<'scope, 'env> {
/// Sets the name for the new thread.
///
/// The name must not contain null bytes (`\0`).
///
/// For more information about named threads, see [here][naming-threads].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
/// use std::thread::current;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// s.builder()
/// .name("my thread".to_string())
/// .spawn(|_| assert_eq!(current().name(), Some("my thread")))
/// .unwrap();
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// [naming-threads]: std::thread#naming-threads
pub fn name(mut self, name: String) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'scope, 'env> {
self.builder = self.builder.name(name);
self
}
/// Sets the size of the stack for the new thread.
///
/// The stack size is measured in bytes.
///
/// For more information about the stack size for threads, see [here][stack-size].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// s.builder()
/// .stack_size(32 * 1024)
/// .spawn(|_| println!("Running a child thread"))
/// .unwrap();
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
///
/// [stack-size]: std::thread#stack-size
pub fn stack_size(mut self, size: usize) -> ScopedThreadBuilder<'scope, 'env> {
self.builder = self.builder.stack_size(size);
self
}
/// Spawns a scoped thread with this configuration.
///
/// The scoped thread is passed a reference to this scope as an argument, which can be used for
/// spawning nested threads.
///
/// The returned handle can be used to manually join the thread before the scope exits.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Unlike the [`Scope::spawn`] method, this method yields an
/// [`io::Result`] to capture any failure to create the thread at
/// the OS level.
///
/// [`io::Result`]: std::io::Result
///
/// # Panics
///
/// Panics if a thread name was set and it contained null bytes.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// let handle = s.builder()
/// .spawn(|_| {
/// println!("A child thread is running");
/// 42
/// })
/// .unwrap();
///
/// // Join the thread and retrieve its result.
/// let res = handle.join().unwrap();
/// assert_eq!(res, 42);
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn spawn<F, T>(self, f: F) -> io::Result<ScopedJoinHandle<'scope, T>>
where
F: FnOnce(&Scope<'env>) -> T,
F: Send + 'env,
T: Send + 'env,
{
// The result of `f` will be stored here.
let result = SharedOption::default();
// Spawn the thread and grab its join handle and thread handle.
let (handle, thread) = {
let result = Arc::clone(&result);
// A clone of the scope that will be moved into the new thread.
let scope = Scope::<'env> {
handles: Arc::clone(&self.scope.handles),
wait_group: self.scope.wait_group.clone(),
_marker: PhantomData,
};
// Spawn the thread.
let handle = {
let closure = move || {
// Make sure the scope is inside the closure with the proper `'env` lifetime.
let scope: Scope<'env> = scope;
// Run the closure.
let res = f(&scope);
// Store the result if the closure didn't panic.
*result.lock().unwrap() = Some(res);
};
// Allocate `closure` on the heap and erase the `'env` bound.
let closure: Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'env> = Box::new(closure);
let closure: Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send + 'static> =
unsafe { mem::transmute(closure) };
// Finally, spawn the closure.
self.builder.spawn(closure)?
};
let thread = handle.thread().clone();
let handle = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(handle)));
(handle, thread)
};
// Add the handle to the shared list of join handles.
self.scope.handles.lock().unwrap().push(Arc::clone(&handle));
Ok(ScopedJoinHandle {
handle,
result,
thread,
_marker: PhantomData,
})
}
}
unsafe impl<T> Send for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {}
unsafe impl<T> Sync for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {}
/// A handle that can be used to join its scoped thread.
///
/// This struct is created by the [`Scope::spawn`] method and the
/// [`ScopedThreadBuilder::spawn`] method.
pub struct ScopedJoinHandle<'scope, T> {
/// A join handle to the spawned thread.
handle: SharedOption<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
/// Holds the result of the inner closure.
result: SharedOption<T>,
/// A handle to the spawned thread.
thread: thread::Thread,
/// Borrows the parent scope with lifetime `'scope`.
_marker: PhantomData<&'scope ()>,
}
impl<T> ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {
/// Waits for the thread to finish and returns its result.
///
/// If the child thread panics, an error is returned. Note that if panics are implemented by
/// aborting the process, no error is returned; see the notes of [std::panic::catch_unwind].
///
/// # Panics
///
/// This function may panic on some platforms if a thread attempts to join itself or otherwise
/// may create a deadlock with joining threads.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// let handle1 = s.spawn(|_| println!("I'm a happy thread :)"));
/// let handle2 = s.spawn(|_| panic!("I'm a sad thread :("));
///
/// // Join the first thread and verify that it succeeded.
/// let res = handle1.join();
/// assert!(res.is_ok());
///
/// // Join the second thread and verify that it panicked.
/// let res = handle2.join();
/// assert!(res.is_err());
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn join(self) -> thread::Result<T> {
// Take out the handle. The handle will surely be available because the root scope waits
// for nested scopes before joining remaining threads.
let handle = self.handle.lock().unwrap().take().unwrap();
// Join the thread and then take the result out of its inner closure.
handle
.join()
.map(|()| self.result.lock().unwrap().take().unwrap())
}
/// Returns a handle to the underlying thread.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::thread;
///
/// thread::scope(|s| {
/// let handle = s.spawn(|_| println!("A child thread is running"));
/// println!("The child thread ID: {:?}", handle.thread().id());
/// }).unwrap();
/// ```
pub fn thread(&self) -> &thread::Thread {
&self.thread
}
}
/// Unix-specific extensions.
#[cfg(unix)]
mod unix {
use super::ScopedJoinHandle;
use std::os::unix::thread::{JoinHandleExt, RawPthread};
impl<T> JoinHandleExt for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {
fn as_pthread_t(&self) -> RawPthread {
// Borrow the handle. The handle will surely be available because the root scope waits
// for nested scopes before joining remaining threads.
let handle = self.handle.lock().unwrap();
handle.as_ref().unwrap().as_pthread_t()
}
fn into_pthread_t(self) -> RawPthread {
self.as_pthread_t()
}
}
}
/// Windows-specific extensions.
#[cfg(windows)]
mod windows {
use super::ScopedJoinHandle;
use std::os::windows::io::{AsRawHandle, IntoRawHandle, RawHandle};
impl<T> AsRawHandle for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {
fn as_raw_handle(&self) -> RawHandle {
// Borrow the handle. The handle will surely be available because the root scope waits
// for nested scopes before joining remaining threads.
let handle = self.handle.lock().unwrap();
handle.as_ref().unwrap().as_raw_handle()
}
}
impl<T> IntoRawHandle for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {
fn into_raw_handle(self) -> RawHandle {
self.as_raw_handle()
}
}
}
impl<T> fmt::Debug for ScopedJoinHandle<'_, T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.pad("ScopedJoinHandle { .. }")
}
}