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use core::fmt;
use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
/// Pads and aligns a value to the length of a cache line.
///
/// In concurrent programming, sometimes it is desirable to make sure commonly accessed pieces of
/// data are not placed into the same cache line. Updating an atomic value invalidates the whole
/// cache line it belongs to, which makes the next access to the same cache line slower for other
/// CPU cores. Use `CachePadded` to ensure updating one piece of data doesn't invalidate other
/// cached data.
///
/// # Size and alignment
///
/// Cache lines are assumed to be N bytes long, depending on the architecture:
///
/// * On x86-64, aarch64, and powerpc64, N = 128.
/// * On arm, mips, mips64, sparc, and hexagon, N = 32.
/// * On m68k, N = 16.
/// * On s390x, N = 256.
/// * On all others, N = 64.
///
/// Note that N is just a reasonable guess and is not guaranteed to match the actual cache line
/// length of the machine the program is running on. On modern Intel architectures, spatial
/// prefetcher is pulling pairs of 64-byte cache lines at a time, so we pessimistically assume that
/// cache lines are 128 bytes long.
///
/// The size of `CachePadded<T>` is the smallest multiple of N bytes large enough to accommodate
/// a value of type `T`.
///
/// The alignment of `CachePadded<T>` is the maximum of N bytes and the alignment of `T`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Alignment and padding:
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
///
/// let array = [CachePadded::new(1i8), CachePadded::new(2i8)];
/// let addr1 = &*array[0] as *const i8 as usize;
/// let addr2 = &*array[1] as *const i8 as usize;
///
/// assert!(addr2 - addr1 >= 32);
/// assert_eq!(addr1 % 32, 0);
/// assert_eq!(addr2 % 32, 0);
/// ```
///
/// When building a concurrent queue with a head and a tail index, it is wise to place them in
/// different cache lines so that concurrent threads pushing and popping elements don't invalidate
/// each other's cache lines:
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
/// use std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize;
///
/// struct Queue<T> {
/// head: CachePadded<AtomicUsize>,
/// tail: CachePadded<AtomicUsize>,
/// buffer: *mut T,
/// }
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
// Starting from Intel's Sandy Bridge, spatial prefetcher is now pulling pairs of 64-byte cache
// lines at a time, so we have to align to 128 bytes rather than 64.
//
// Sources:
//
// ARM's big.LITTLE architecture has asymmetric cores and "big" cores have 128-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
//
// powerpc64 has 128-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
#[cfg_attr(
any(
target_arch = "x86_64",
target_arch = "aarch64",
target_arch = "powerpc64",
),
repr(align(128))
)]
// arm, mips, mips64, sparc, and hexagon have 32-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
#[cfg_attr(
any(
target_arch = "arm",
target_arch = "mips",
target_arch = "mips32r6",
target_arch = "mips64",
target_arch = "mips64r6",
target_arch = "sparc",
target_arch = "hexagon",
),
repr(align(32))
)]
// m68k has 16-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "m68k", repr(align(16)))]
// s390x has 256-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
#[cfg_attr(target_arch = "s390x", repr(align(256)))]
// x86, wasm, riscv, and sparc64 have 64-byte cache line size.
//
// Sources:
//
// All others are assumed to have 64-byte cache line size.
#[cfg_attr(
not(any(
target_arch = "x86_64",
target_arch = "aarch64",
target_arch = "powerpc64",
target_arch = "arm",
target_arch = "mips",
target_arch = "mips32r6",
target_arch = "mips64",
target_arch = "mips64r6",
target_arch = "sparc",
target_arch = "hexagon",
target_arch = "m68k",
target_arch = "s390x",
)),
repr(align(64))
)]
pub struct CachePadded<T> {
value: T,
}
unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for CachePadded<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for CachePadded<T> {}
impl<T> CachePadded<T> {
/// Pads and aligns a value to the length of a cache line.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
///
/// let padded_value = CachePadded::new(1);
/// ```
pub const fn new(t: T) -> CachePadded<T> {
CachePadded::<T> { value: t }
}
/// Returns the inner value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use crossbeam_utils::CachePadded;
///
/// let padded_value = CachePadded::new(7);
/// let value = padded_value.into_inner();
/// assert_eq!(value, 7);
/// ```
pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
self.value
}
}
impl<T> Deref for CachePadded<T> {
type Target = T;
fn deref(&self) -> &T {
&self.value
}
}
impl<T> DerefMut for CachePadded<T> {
fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
&mut self.value
}
}
impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for CachePadded<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
f.debug_struct("CachePadded")
.field("value", &self.value)
.finish()
}
}
impl<T> From<T> for CachePadded<T> {
fn from(t: T) -> Self {
CachePadded::new(t)
}
}
impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for CachePadded<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
fmt::Display::fmt(&self.value, f)
}
}