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//! Traits, helpers, and type definitions for asynchronous I/O functionality.
//!
//! This module is the asynchronous version of `std::io`. Primarily, it
//! defines two traits, [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`], which are asynchronous
//! versions of the [`Read`] and [`Write`] traits in the standard library.
//!
//! # `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`
//!
//! Like the standard library's [`Read`] and [`Write`] traits, [`AsyncRead`] and
//! [`AsyncWrite`] provide the most general interface for reading and writing
//! input and output. Unlike the standard library's traits, however, they are
//! _asynchronous_ — meaning that reading from or writing to a `tokio::io`
//! type will _yield_ to the Tokio scheduler when IO is not ready, rather than
//! blocking. This allows other tasks to run while waiting on IO.
//!
//! Another difference is that `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` only contain
//! core methods needed to provide asynchronous reading and writing
//! functionality. Instead, utility methods are defined in the [`AsyncReadExt`]
//! and [`AsyncWriteExt`] extension traits. These traits are automatically
//! implemented for all values that implement `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`
//! respectively.
//!
//! End users will rarely interact directly with `AsyncRead` and
//! `AsyncWrite`. Instead, they will use the async functions defined in the
//! extension traits. Library authors are expected to implement `AsyncRead`
//! and `AsyncWrite` in order to provide types that behave like byte streams.
//!
//! Even with these differences, Tokio's `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite` traits
//! can be used in almost exactly the same manner as the standard library's
//! `Read` and `Write`. Most types in the standard library that implement `Read`
//! and `Write` have asynchronous equivalents in `tokio` that implement
//! `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`, such as [`File`] and [`TcpStream`].
//!
//! For example, the standard library documentation introduces `Read` by
//! [demonstrating][std_example] reading some bytes from a [`std::fs::File`]. We
//! can do the same with [`tokio::fs::File`][`File`]:
//!
//! ```no_run
//! use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt};
//! use tokio::fs::File;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
//! let mut f = File::open("foo.txt").await?;
//! let mut buffer = [0; 10];
//!
//! // read up to 10 bytes
//! let n = f.read(&mut buffer).await?;
//!
//! println!("The bytes: {:?}", &buffer[..n]);
//! Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [`File`]: crate::fs::File
//! [`TcpStream`]: crate::net::TcpStream
//! [`std::fs::File`]: std::fs::File
//! [std_example]: std::io#read-and-write
//!
//! ## Buffered Readers and Writers
//!
//! Byte-based interfaces are unwieldy and can be inefficient, as we'd need to be
//! making near-constant calls to the operating system. To help with this,
//! `std::io` comes with [support for _buffered_ readers and writers][stdbuf],
//! and therefore, `tokio::io` does as well.
//!
//! Tokio provides an async version of the [`std::io::BufRead`] trait,
//! [`AsyncBufRead`]; and async [`BufReader`] and [`BufWriter`] structs, which
//! wrap readers and writers. These wrappers use a buffer, reducing the number
//! of calls and providing nicer methods for accessing exactly what you want.
//!
//! For example, [`BufReader`] works with the [`AsyncBufRead`] trait to add
//! extra methods to any async reader:
//!
//! ```no_run
//! use tokio::io::{self, BufReader, AsyncBufReadExt};
//! use tokio::fs::File;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
//! let f = File::open("foo.txt").await?;
//! let mut reader = BufReader::new(f);
//! let mut buffer = String::new();
//!
//! // read a line into buffer
//! reader.read_line(&mut buffer).await?;
//!
//! println!("{}", buffer);
//! Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [`BufWriter`] doesn't add any new ways of writing; it just buffers every call
//! to [`write`](crate::io::AsyncWriteExt::write). However, you **must** flush
//! [`BufWriter`] to ensure that any buffered data is written.
//!
//! ```no_run
//! use tokio::io::{self, BufWriter, AsyncWriteExt};
//! use tokio::fs::File;
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
//! let f = File::create("foo.txt").await?;
//! {
//! let mut writer = BufWriter::new(f);
//!
//! // Write a byte to the buffer.
//! writer.write(&[42u8]).await?;
//!
//! // Flush the buffer before it goes out of scope.
//! writer.flush().await?;
//!
//! } // Unless flushed or shut down, the contents of the buffer is discarded on drop.
//!
//! Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! [stdbuf]: std::io#bufreader-and-bufwriter
//! [`std::io::BufRead`]: std::io::BufRead
//! [`AsyncBufRead`]: crate::io::AsyncBufRead
//! [`BufReader`]: crate::io::BufReader
//! [`BufWriter`]: crate::io::BufWriter
//!
//! ## Implementing `AsyncRead` and `AsyncWrite`
//!
//! Because they are traits, we can implement [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`] for
//! our own types, as well. Note that these traits must only be implemented for
//! non-blocking I/O types that integrate with the futures type system. In
//! other words, these types must never block the thread, and instead the
//! current task is notified when the I/O resource is ready.
//!
//! ## Conversion to and from Stream/Sink
//!
//! It is often convenient to encapsulate the reading and writing of bytes in a
//! [`Stream`] or [`Sink`] of data.
//!
//! Tokio provides simple wrappers for converting [`AsyncRead`] to [`Stream`]
//! and vice-versa in the [tokio-util] crate, see [`ReaderStream`] and
//! [`StreamReader`].
//!
//! There are also utility traits that abstract the asynchronous buffering
//! necessary to write your own adaptors for encoding and decoding bytes to/from
//! your structured data, allowing to transform something that implements
//! [`AsyncRead`]/[`AsyncWrite`] into a [`Stream`]/[`Sink`], see [`Decoder`] and
//! [`Encoder`] in the [tokio-util::codec] module.
//!
//!
//! # Standard input and output
//!
//! Tokio provides asynchronous APIs to standard [input], [output], and [error].
//! These APIs are very similar to the ones provided by `std`, but they also
//! implement [`AsyncRead`] and [`AsyncWrite`].
//!
//! Note that the standard input / output APIs **must** be used from the
//! context of the Tokio runtime, as they require Tokio-specific features to
//! function. Calling these functions outside of a Tokio runtime will panic.
//!
//! [input]: fn@stdin
//! [output]: fn@stdout
//! [error]: fn@stderr
//!
//! # `std` re-exports
//!
//! Additionally, [`Error`], [`ErrorKind`], [`Result`], and [`SeekFrom`] are
//! re-exported from `std::io` for ease of use.
//!
//! [`AsyncRead`]: trait@AsyncRead
//! [`AsyncWrite`]: trait@AsyncWrite
//! [`AsyncReadExt`]: trait@AsyncReadExt
//! [`AsyncWriteExt`]: trait@AsyncWriteExt
//! [`Error`]: struct@Error
//! [`ErrorKind`]: enum@ErrorKind
//! [`Result`]: type@Result
//! [`Read`]: std::io::Read
//! [`SeekFrom`]: enum@SeekFrom
//! [`Write`]: std::io::Write
#![cfg_attr(
not(all(feature = "rt", feature = "net")),
allow(dead_code, unused_imports)
)]
cfg_io_blocking! {
pub(crate) mod blocking;
}
mod async_buf_read;
pub use self::async_buf_read::AsyncBufRead;
mod async_read;
pub use self::async_read::AsyncRead;
mod async_seek;
pub use self::async_seek::AsyncSeek;
mod async_write;
pub use self::async_write::AsyncWrite;
mod read_buf;
pub use self::read_buf::ReadBuf;
// Re-export some types from `std::io` so that users don't have to deal
// with conflicts when `use`ing `tokio::io` and `std::io`.
#[doc(no_inline)]
pub use std::io::{Error, ErrorKind, Result, SeekFrom};
cfg_io_driver_impl! {
pub(crate) mod interest;
pub(crate) mod ready;
cfg_net! {
pub use interest::Interest;
pub use ready::Ready;
}
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "wasi", allow(unused_imports))]
mod poll_evented;
#[cfg(not(loom))]
#[cfg_attr(target_os = "wasi", allow(unused_imports))]
pub(crate) use poll_evented::PollEvented;
}
cfg_aio! {
/// BSD-specific I/O types.
pub mod bsd {
mod poll_aio;
pub use poll_aio::{Aio, AioEvent, AioSource};
}
}
cfg_net_unix! {
mod async_fd;
pub mod unix {
//! Asynchronous IO structures specific to Unix-like operating systems.
pub use super::async_fd::{AsyncFd, AsyncFdTryNewError, AsyncFdReadyGuard, AsyncFdReadyMutGuard, TryIoError};
}
}
cfg_io_std! {
mod stdio_common;
mod stderr;
pub use stderr::{stderr, Stderr};
mod stdin;
pub use stdin::{stdin, Stdin};
mod stdout;
pub use stdout::{stdout, Stdout};
}
cfg_io_util! {
mod split;
pub use split::{split, ReadHalf, WriteHalf};
mod join;
pub use join::{join, Join};
pub(crate) mod seek;
pub(crate) mod util;
pub use util::{
copy, copy_bidirectional, copy_bidirectional_with_sizes, copy_buf, duplex, empty, repeat, sink, AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncReadExt, AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWriteExt,
BufReader, BufStream, BufWriter, DuplexStream, Empty, Lines, Repeat, Sink, Split, Take,
};
}
cfg_not_io_util! {
cfg_process! {
pub(crate) mod util;
}
}
cfg_io_blocking! {
/// Types in this module can be mocked out in tests.
mod sys {
// TODO: don't rename
pub(crate) use crate::blocking::spawn_blocking as run;
pub(crate) use crate::blocking::JoinHandle as Blocking;
}
}