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// A hack for docs.rs to build documentation that has both windows and linux documentation in the
// same rustdoc build visible.
#[cfg(all(libloading_docs, not(unix)))]
mod unix_imports {}
#[cfg(any(not(libloading_docs), unix))]
mod unix_imports {
pub(super) use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
}
pub use self::consts::*;
use self::unix_imports::*;
use std::ffi::{CStr, OsStr};
use std::os::raw;
use std::{fmt, marker, mem, ptr};
use util::{cstr_cow_from_bytes, ensure_compatible_types};
mod consts;
/// Run code and handle errors reported by `dlerror`.
///
/// This function first executes the `closure` function containing calls to the functions that
/// report their errors via `dlerror`. This closure may return either `None` or `Some(*)` to
/// further affect operation of this function.
///
/// In case the `closure` returns `None`, `with_dlerror` inspects the `dlerror`. `dlerror` may
/// decide to not provide any error description, in which case `Err(None)` is returned to the
/// caller. Otherwise the `error` callback is invoked to allow inspection and conversion of the
/// error message. The conversion result is returned as `Err(Some(Error))`.
///
/// If the operations that report their errors via `dlerror` were all successful, `closure` should
/// return `Some(T)` instead. In this case `dlerror` is not inspected at all.
///
/// # Notes
///
/// The whole `dlerror` handling scheme is done via setting and querying some global state. For
/// that reason it is not safe to use dynamic library loading in MT-capable environment at all.
/// Only in POSIX 2008+TC1 a thread-local state was allowed for `dlerror`, making the dl* family of
/// functions possibly MT-safe, depending on the implementation of `dlerror`.
///
/// In practice (as of 2020-04-01) most of the widely used targets use a thread-local for error
/// state and have been doing so for a long time.
pub fn with_dlerror<T, F, Error>(closure: F, error: fn(&CStr) -> Error) -> Result<T, Option<Error>>
where
F: FnOnce() -> Option<T>,
{
// We used to guard all uses of dl* functions with our own mutex. This made them safe to use in
// MT programs provided the only way a program used dl* was via this library. However, it also
// had a number of downsides or cases where it failed to handle the problems. For instance,
// if any other library called `dlerror` internally concurrently with `libloading` things would
// still go awry.
//
// On platforms where `dlerror` is still MT-unsafe, `dlsym` (`Library::get`) can spuriously
// succeed and return a null pointer for a symbol when the actual symbol look-up operation
// fails. Instances where the actual symbol _could_ be `NULL` are platform specific. For
// instance on GNU glibc based-systems (an excerpt from dlsym(3)):
//
// > The value of a symbol returned by dlsym() will never be NULL if the shared object is the
// > result of normal compilation, since a global symbol is never placed at the NULL
// > address. There are nevertheless cases where a lookup using dlsym() may return NULL as the
// > value of a symbol. For example, the symbol value may be the result of a GNU indirect
// > function (IFUNC) resolver function that returns NULL as the resolved value.
// While we could could call `dlerror` here to clear the previous error value, only the `dlsym`
// call depends on it being cleared beforehand and only in some cases too. We will instead
// clear the error inside the dlsym binding instead.
//
// In all the other cases, clearing the error here will only be hiding misuse of these bindings
// or a bug in implementation of dl* family of functions.
closure().ok_or_else(|| unsafe {
// This code will only get executed if the `closure` returns `None`.
let dlerror_str = dlerror();
if dlerror_str.is_null() {
// In non-dlsym case this may happen when there’re bugs in our bindings or there’s
// non-libloading user of libdl; possibly in another thread.
None
} else {
// You can’t even rely on error string being static here; call to subsequent dlerror
// may invalidate or overwrite the error message. Why couldn’t they simply give up the
// ownership over the message?
// TODO: should do locale-aware conversion here. OTOH Rust doesn’t seem to work well in
// any system that uses non-utf8 locale, so I doubt there’s a problem here.
Some(error(CStr::from_ptr(dlerror_str)))
// Since we do a copy of the error string above, maybe we should call dlerror again to
// let libdl know it may free its copy of the string now?
}
})
}
/// A platform-specific counterpart of the cross-platform [`Library`](crate::Library).
pub struct Library {
handle: *mut raw::c_void,
}
unsafe impl Send for Library {}
// That being said... this section in the volume 2 of POSIX.1-2008 states:
//
// > All functions defined by this volume of POSIX.1-2008 shall be thread-safe, except that the
// > following functions need not be thread-safe.
//
// With notable absence of any dl* function other than dlerror in the list. By “this volume”
// I suppose they refer precisely to the “volume 2”. dl* family of functions are specified
// by this same volume, so the conclusion is indeed that dl* functions are required by POSIX
// to be thread-safe. Great!
//
// See for more details:
//
unsafe impl Sync for Library {}
impl Library {
/// Find and eagerly load a shared library (module).
///
/// If the `filename` contains a [path separator], the `filename` is interpreted as a `path` to
/// a file. Otherwise, platform-specific algorithms are employed to find a library with a
/// matching file name.
///
/// This is equivalent to <code>[Library::open](filename, [RTLD_LAZY] | [RTLD_LOCAL])</code>.
///
/// [path separator]: std::path::MAIN_SEPARATOR
///
/// # Safety
///
/// When a library is loaded, initialisation routines contained within the library are executed.
/// For the purposes of safety, the execution of these routines is conceptually the same calling an
/// unknown foreign function and may impose arbitrary requirements on the caller for the call
/// to be sound.
///
/// Additionally, the callers of this function must also ensure that execution of the
/// termination routines contained within the library is safe as well. These routines may be
/// executed when the library is unloaded.
#[inline]
pub unsafe fn new<P: AsRef<OsStr>>(filename: P) -> Result<Library, crate::Error> {
Library::open(Some(filename), RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_LOCAL)
}
/// Load the `Library` representing the current executable.
///
/// [`Library::get`] calls of the returned `Library` will look for symbols in following
/// locations in order:
///
/// 1. The original program image;
/// 2. Any executable object files (e.g. shared libraries) loaded at program startup;
/// 3. Any executable object files loaded at runtime (e.g. via other `Library::new` calls or via
/// calls to the `dlopen` function).
///
/// Note that the behaviour of a `Library` loaded with this method is different from that of
/// Libraries loaded with [`os::windows::Library::this`].
///
/// This is equivalent to <code>[Library::open](None, [RTLD_LAZY] | [RTLD_LOCAL])</code>.
///
/// [`os::windows::Library::this`]: crate::os::windows::Library::this
#[inline]
pub fn this() -> Library {
unsafe {
// SAFE: this does not load any new shared library images, no danger in it executing
// initialiser routines.
Library::open(None::<&OsStr>, RTLD_LAZY | RTLD_LOCAL).expect("this should never fail")
}
}
/// Find and load an executable object file (shared library).
///
/// See documentation for [`Library::this`] for further description of the behaviour
/// when the `filename` is `None`. Otherwise see [`Library::new`].
///
/// Corresponds to `dlopen(filename, flags)`.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// When a library is loaded, initialisation routines contained within the library are executed.
/// For the purposes of safety, the execution of these routines is conceptually the same calling an
/// unknown foreign function and may impose arbitrary requirements on the caller for the call
/// to be sound.
///
/// Additionally, the callers of this function must also ensure that execution of the
/// termination routines contained within the library is safe as well. These routines may be
/// executed when the library is unloaded.
pub unsafe fn open<P>(filename: Option<P>, flags: raw::c_int) -> Result<Library, crate::Error>
where
P: AsRef<OsStr>,
{
let filename = match filename {
None => None,
Some(ref f) => Some(cstr_cow_from_bytes(f.as_ref().as_bytes())?),
};
with_dlerror(
move || {
let result = dlopen(
match filename {
None => ptr::null(),
Some(ref f) => f.as_ptr(),
},
flags,
);
// ensure filename lives until dlopen completes
drop(filename);
if result.is_null() {
None
} else {
Some(Library { handle: result })
}
},
|desc| crate::Error::DlOpen { desc: desc.into() },
)
.map_err(|e| e.unwrap_or(crate::Error::DlOpenUnknown))
}
unsafe fn get_impl<T, F>(&self, symbol: &[u8], on_null: F) -> Result<Symbol<T>, crate::Error>
where
F: FnOnce() -> Result<Symbol<T>, crate::Error>,
{
ensure_compatible_types::<T, *mut raw::c_void>()?;
let symbol = cstr_cow_from_bytes(symbol)?;
// `dlsym` may return nullptr in two cases: when a symbol genuinely points to a null
// pointer or the symbol cannot be found. In order to detect this case a double dlerror
// pattern must be used, which is, sadly, a little bit racy.
//
// We try to leave as little space as possible for this to occur, but we can’t exactly
// fully prevent it.
let result = with_dlerror(
|| {
dlerror();
let symbol = dlsym(self.handle, symbol.as_ptr());
if symbol.is_null() {
None
} else {
Some(Symbol {
pointer: symbol,
pd: marker::PhantomData,
})
}
},
|desc| crate::Error::DlSym { desc: desc.into() },
);
match result {
Err(None) => on_null(),
Err(Some(e)) => Err(e),
Ok(x) => Ok(x),
}
}
/// Get a pointer to a function or static variable by symbol name.
///
/// The `symbol` may not contain any null bytes, with the exception of the last byte. Providing a
/// null terminated `symbol` may help to avoid an allocation.
///
/// Symbol is interpreted as-is; no mangling is done. This means that symbols like `x::y` are
/// most likely invalid.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Users of this API must specify the correct type of the function or variable loaded. Using a
/// `Symbol` with a wrong type is undefined.
///
/// # Platform-specific behaviour
///
/// Implementation of thread local variables is extremely platform specific and uses of such
/// variables that work on e.g. Linux may have unintended behaviour on other targets.
///
/// On POSIX implementations where the `dlerror` function is not confirmed to be MT-safe (such
/// as FreeBSD), this function will unconditionally return an error when the underlying `dlsym`
/// call returns a null pointer. There are rare situations where `dlsym` returns a genuine null
/// pointer without it being an error. If loading a null pointer is something you care about,
/// consider using the [`Library::get_singlethreaded`] call.
#[inline(always)]
pub unsafe fn get<T>(&self, symbol: &[u8]) -> Result<Symbol<T>, crate::Error> {
extern crate cfg_if;
cfg_if::cfg_if! {
// These targets are known to have MT-safe `dlerror`.
if #[cfg(any(
target_os = "linux",
target_os = "android",
target_os = "openbsd",
target_os = "macos",
target_os = "ios",
target_os = "solaris",
target_os = "illumos",
target_os = "redox",
target_os = "fuchsia"
))] {
self.get_singlethreaded(symbol)
} else {
self.get_impl(symbol, || Err(crate::Error::DlSymUnknown))
}
}
}
/// Get a pointer to function or static variable by symbol name.
///
/// The `symbol` may not contain any null bytes, with the exception of the last byte. Providing a
/// null terminated `symbol` may help to avoid an allocation.
///
/// Symbol is interpreted as-is; no mangling is done. This means that symbols like `x::y` are
/// most likely invalid.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// Users of this API must specify the correct type of the function or variable loaded.
///
/// It is up to the user of this library to ensure that no other calls to an MT-unsafe
/// implementation of `dlerror` occur during the execution of this function. Failing that, the
/// behaviour of this function is not defined.
///
/// # Platform-specific behaviour
///
/// The implementation of thread-local variables is extremely platform specific and uses of such
/// variables that work on e.g. Linux may have unintended behaviour on other targets.
#[inline(always)]
pub unsafe fn get_singlethreaded<T>(&self, symbol: &[u8]) -> Result<Symbol<T>, crate::Error> {
self.get_impl(symbol, || {
Ok(Symbol {
pointer: ptr::null_mut(),
pd: marker::PhantomData,
})
})
}
/// Convert the `Library` to a raw handle.
///
/// The handle returned by this function shall be usable with APIs which accept handles
/// as returned by `dlopen`.
pub fn into_raw(self) -> *mut raw::c_void {
let handle = self.handle;
mem::forget(self);
handle
}
/// Convert a raw handle returned by `dlopen`-family of calls to a `Library`.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// The pointer shall be a result of a successful call of the `dlopen`-family of functions or a
/// pointer previously returned by `Library::into_raw` call. It must be valid to call `dlclose`
/// with this pointer as an argument.
pub unsafe fn from_raw(handle: *mut raw::c_void) -> Library {
Library { handle }
}
/// Unload the library.
///
/// This method might be a no-op, depending on the flags with which the `Library` was opened,
/// what library was opened or other platform specifics.
///
/// You only need to call this if you are interested in handling any errors that may arise when
/// library is unloaded. Otherwise the implementation of `Drop` for `Library` will close the
/// library and ignore the errors were they arise.
///
/// The underlying data structures may still get leaked if an error does occur.
pub fn close(self) -> Result<(), crate::Error> {
let result = with_dlerror(
|| {
if unsafe { dlclose(self.handle) } == 0 {
Some(())
} else {
None
}
},
|desc| crate::Error::DlClose { desc: desc.into() },
)
.map_err(|e| e.unwrap_or(crate::Error::DlCloseUnknown));
// While the library is not free'd yet in case of an error, there is no reason to try
// dropping it again, because all that will do is try calling `dlclose` again. only
// this time it would ignore the return result, which we already seen failing…
std::mem::forget(self);
result
}
}
impl Drop for Library {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
dlclose(self.handle);
}
}
}
impl fmt::Debug for Library {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
f.write_str(&format!("Library@{:p}", self.handle))
}
}
/// Symbol from a library.
///
/// A major difference compared to the cross-platform `Symbol` is that this does not ensure that the
/// `Symbol` does not outlive the `Library` it comes from.
pub struct Symbol<T> {
pointer: *mut raw::c_void,
pd: marker::PhantomData<T>,
}
impl<T> Symbol<T> {
/// Convert the loaded `Symbol` into a raw pointer.
pub fn into_raw(self) -> *mut raw::c_void {
self.pointer
}
}
impl<T> Symbol<Option<T>> {
/// Lift Option out of the symbol.
pub fn lift_option(self) -> Option<Symbol<T>> {
if self.pointer.is_null() {
None
} else {
Some(Symbol {
pointer: self.pointer,
pd: marker::PhantomData,
})
}
}
}
unsafe impl<T: Send> Send for Symbol<T> {}
unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for Symbol<T> {}
impl<T> Clone for Symbol<T> {
fn clone(&self) -> Symbol<T> {
Symbol { ..*self }
}
}
impl<T> ::std::ops::Deref for Symbol<T> {
type Target = T;
fn deref(&self) -> &T {
unsafe {
// Additional reference level for a dereference on `deref` return value.
&*(&self.pointer as *const *mut _ as *const T)
}
}
}
impl<T> fmt::Debug for Symbol<T> {
fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
unsafe {
let mut info = mem::MaybeUninit::<DlInfo>::uninit();
if dladdr(self.pointer, info.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
let info = info.assume_init();
if info.dli_sname.is_null() {
f.write_str(&format!(
"Symbol@{:p} from {:?}",
self.pointer,
CStr::from_ptr(info.dli_fname)
))
} else {
f.write_str(&format!(
"Symbol {:?}@{:p} from {:?}",
CStr::from_ptr(info.dli_sname),
self.pointer,
CStr::from_ptr(info.dli_fname)
))
}
} else {
f.write_str(&format!("Symbol@{:p}", self.pointer))
}
}
}
}
// Platform specific things
#[cfg_attr(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"), link(name = "dl"))]
#[cfg_attr(any(target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "dragonfly"), link(name = "c"))]
extern "C" {
fn dlopen(filename: *const raw::c_char, flags: raw::c_int) -> *mut raw::c_void;
fn dlclose(handle: *mut raw::c_void) -> raw::c_int;
fn dlsym(handle: *mut raw::c_void, symbol: *const raw::c_char) -> *mut raw::c_void;
fn dlerror() -> *mut raw::c_char;
fn dladdr(addr: *mut raw::c_void, info: *mut DlInfo) -> raw::c_int;
}
#[repr(C)]
struct DlInfo {
dli_fname: *const raw::c_char,
dli_fbase: *mut raw::c_void,
dli_sname: *const raw::c_char,
dli_saddr: *mut raw::c_void,
}